Finding Eccentricity of A Hyperbola












0












$begingroup$


Given an asymptote to an hyperbola and that a line perpendicular to it, intersects it at a single point, we need to find its eccentricity.



Asymptote : $5x-4y+5=0$ and Tangent : $4x+5y-7=0$.



I thought that if we consider asymptote to be limiting tangent at infinity, then the point of intersection $(3/41,55/41)$ should lie on the director circle of the hyperbola as it is the locus of the perpendicular tangents. I am finding too many variables to handle here. And I suspect this question should be solved by an argument for a specific type of hyperbola (Maybe rectangular), but I could use a hint over here










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    The orthoptic for an ellipse and a hyperbola is its director circle. Please google 'director circle' .
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:10












  • $begingroup$
    Google “orthoptic” and “director circle” yourself. The orthoptic of an ellipse is its director circle, but the orthoptic of a hyperbola is neither of its director circles.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:20












  • $begingroup$
    Look, I googled and I got this Wiki: In geometry, the director circle of an ellipse or hyperbola is a circle consisting of all points where two perpendicular tangent lines to the ellipse or hyperbola cross each other. And Orthoptic of a hyperbola as per wiki" The orthoptic of a hyperbola x^2/a^2 − y^2/b^2 = 1, a > b, is the circle x^2 + y^2 = a^2 − b^2 (in case of a ≤ b there are no orthogonal tangents, see below)". And , that is the director circle of the hyperbola. Please elaborate.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:29












  • $begingroup$
    There appear to be conflicting articles and terminology (not the first time). In en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptic_(geometry) a hyperbola’s orthoptic is pointedly not called its director circle; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola also avoids calling the orthoptic the director circle, but also uses the term “circular directrix” for the latter. Unlike the orthoptic, these circles exist for all hyperbolas, a useful trait if you’re going to use them for construction. A footnote suggests that the term “director circle” is used differently in German and English.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:10








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    At any rate, without further information or assumptions, I think that the best you can do here is to state an upper bound for the eccentricity.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:11
















0












$begingroup$


Given an asymptote to an hyperbola and that a line perpendicular to it, intersects it at a single point, we need to find its eccentricity.



Asymptote : $5x-4y+5=0$ and Tangent : $4x+5y-7=0$.



I thought that if we consider asymptote to be limiting tangent at infinity, then the point of intersection $(3/41,55/41)$ should lie on the director circle of the hyperbola as it is the locus of the perpendicular tangents. I am finding too many variables to handle here. And I suspect this question should be solved by an argument for a specific type of hyperbola (Maybe rectangular), but I could use a hint over here










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    The orthoptic for an ellipse and a hyperbola is its director circle. Please google 'director circle' .
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:10












  • $begingroup$
    Google “orthoptic” and “director circle” yourself. The orthoptic of an ellipse is its director circle, but the orthoptic of a hyperbola is neither of its director circles.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:20












  • $begingroup$
    Look, I googled and I got this Wiki: In geometry, the director circle of an ellipse or hyperbola is a circle consisting of all points where two perpendicular tangent lines to the ellipse or hyperbola cross each other. And Orthoptic of a hyperbola as per wiki" The orthoptic of a hyperbola x^2/a^2 − y^2/b^2 = 1, a > b, is the circle x^2 + y^2 = a^2 − b^2 (in case of a ≤ b there are no orthogonal tangents, see below)". And , that is the director circle of the hyperbola. Please elaborate.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:29












  • $begingroup$
    There appear to be conflicting articles and terminology (not the first time). In en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptic_(geometry) a hyperbola’s orthoptic is pointedly not called its director circle; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola also avoids calling the orthoptic the director circle, but also uses the term “circular directrix” for the latter. Unlike the orthoptic, these circles exist for all hyperbolas, a useful trait if you’re going to use them for construction. A footnote suggests that the term “director circle” is used differently in German and English.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:10








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    At any rate, without further information or assumptions, I think that the best you can do here is to state an upper bound for the eccentricity.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:11














0












0








0


0



$begingroup$


Given an asymptote to an hyperbola and that a line perpendicular to it, intersects it at a single point, we need to find its eccentricity.



Asymptote : $5x-4y+5=0$ and Tangent : $4x+5y-7=0$.



I thought that if we consider asymptote to be limiting tangent at infinity, then the point of intersection $(3/41,55/41)$ should lie on the director circle of the hyperbola as it is the locus of the perpendicular tangents. I am finding too many variables to handle here. And I suspect this question should be solved by an argument for a specific type of hyperbola (Maybe rectangular), but I could use a hint over here










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




Given an asymptote to an hyperbola and that a line perpendicular to it, intersects it at a single point, we need to find its eccentricity.



Asymptote : $5x-4y+5=0$ and Tangent : $4x+5y-7=0$.



I thought that if we consider asymptote to be limiting tangent at infinity, then the point of intersection $(3/41,55/41)$ should lie on the director circle of the hyperbola as it is the locus of the perpendicular tangents. I am finding too many variables to handle here. And I suspect this question should be solved by an argument for a specific type of hyperbola (Maybe rectangular), but I could use a hint over here







conic-sections






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Dec 9 '18 at 15:51







Sarthak Rout

















asked Dec 7 '18 at 8:14









Sarthak RoutSarthak Rout

488




488












  • $begingroup$
    The orthoptic for an ellipse and a hyperbola is its director circle. Please google 'director circle' .
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:10












  • $begingroup$
    Google “orthoptic” and “director circle” yourself. The orthoptic of an ellipse is its director circle, but the orthoptic of a hyperbola is neither of its director circles.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:20












  • $begingroup$
    Look, I googled and I got this Wiki: In geometry, the director circle of an ellipse or hyperbola is a circle consisting of all points where two perpendicular tangent lines to the ellipse or hyperbola cross each other. And Orthoptic of a hyperbola as per wiki" The orthoptic of a hyperbola x^2/a^2 − y^2/b^2 = 1, a > b, is the circle x^2 + y^2 = a^2 − b^2 (in case of a ≤ b there are no orthogonal tangents, see below)". And , that is the director circle of the hyperbola. Please elaborate.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:29












  • $begingroup$
    There appear to be conflicting articles and terminology (not the first time). In en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptic_(geometry) a hyperbola’s orthoptic is pointedly not called its director circle; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola also avoids calling the orthoptic the director circle, but also uses the term “circular directrix” for the latter. Unlike the orthoptic, these circles exist for all hyperbolas, a useful trait if you’re going to use them for construction. A footnote suggests that the term “director circle” is used differently in German and English.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:10








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    At any rate, without further information or assumptions, I think that the best you can do here is to state an upper bound for the eccentricity.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:11


















  • $begingroup$
    The orthoptic for an ellipse and a hyperbola is its director circle. Please google 'director circle' .
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:10












  • $begingroup$
    Google “orthoptic” and “director circle” yourself. The orthoptic of an ellipse is its director circle, but the orthoptic of a hyperbola is neither of its director circles.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:20












  • $begingroup$
    Look, I googled and I got this Wiki: In geometry, the director circle of an ellipse or hyperbola is a circle consisting of all points where two perpendicular tangent lines to the ellipse or hyperbola cross each other. And Orthoptic of a hyperbola as per wiki" The orthoptic of a hyperbola x^2/a^2 − y^2/b^2 = 1, a > b, is the circle x^2 + y^2 = a^2 − b^2 (in case of a ≤ b there are no orthogonal tangents, see below)". And , that is the director circle of the hyperbola. Please elaborate.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 7 '18 at 9:29












  • $begingroup$
    There appear to be conflicting articles and terminology (not the first time). In en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptic_(geometry) a hyperbola’s orthoptic is pointedly not called its director circle; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola also avoids calling the orthoptic the director circle, but also uses the term “circular directrix” for the latter. Unlike the orthoptic, these circles exist for all hyperbolas, a useful trait if you’re going to use them for construction. A footnote suggests that the term “director circle” is used differently in German and English.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:10








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    At any rate, without further information or assumptions, I think that the best you can do here is to state an upper bound for the eccentricity.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Dec 7 '18 at 10:11
















$begingroup$
The orthoptic for an ellipse and a hyperbola is its director circle. Please google 'director circle' .
$endgroup$
– Sarthak Rout
Dec 7 '18 at 9:10






$begingroup$
The orthoptic for an ellipse and a hyperbola is its director circle. Please google 'director circle' .
$endgroup$
– Sarthak Rout
Dec 7 '18 at 9:10














$begingroup$
Google “orthoptic” and “director circle” yourself. The orthoptic of an ellipse is its director circle, but the orthoptic of a hyperbola is neither of its director circles.
$endgroup$
– amd
Dec 7 '18 at 9:20






$begingroup$
Google “orthoptic” and “director circle” yourself. The orthoptic of an ellipse is its director circle, but the orthoptic of a hyperbola is neither of its director circles.
$endgroup$
– amd
Dec 7 '18 at 9:20














$begingroup$
Look, I googled and I got this Wiki: In geometry, the director circle of an ellipse or hyperbola is a circle consisting of all points where two perpendicular tangent lines to the ellipse or hyperbola cross each other. And Orthoptic of a hyperbola as per wiki" The orthoptic of a hyperbola x^2/a^2 − y^2/b^2 = 1, a > b, is the circle x^2 + y^2 = a^2 − b^2 (in case of a ≤ b there are no orthogonal tangents, see below)". And , that is the director circle of the hyperbola. Please elaborate.
$endgroup$
– Sarthak Rout
Dec 7 '18 at 9:29






$begingroup$
Look, I googled and I got this Wiki: In geometry, the director circle of an ellipse or hyperbola is a circle consisting of all points where two perpendicular tangent lines to the ellipse or hyperbola cross each other. And Orthoptic of a hyperbola as per wiki" The orthoptic of a hyperbola x^2/a^2 − y^2/b^2 = 1, a > b, is the circle x^2 + y^2 = a^2 − b^2 (in case of a ≤ b there are no orthogonal tangents, see below)". And , that is the director circle of the hyperbola. Please elaborate.
$endgroup$
– Sarthak Rout
Dec 7 '18 at 9:29














$begingroup$
There appear to be conflicting articles and terminology (not the first time). In en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptic_(geometry) a hyperbola’s orthoptic is pointedly not called its director circle; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola also avoids calling the orthoptic the director circle, but also uses the term “circular directrix” for the latter. Unlike the orthoptic, these circles exist for all hyperbolas, a useful trait if you’re going to use them for construction. A footnote suggests that the term “director circle” is used differently in German and English.
$endgroup$
– amd
Dec 7 '18 at 10:10






$begingroup$
There appear to be conflicting articles and terminology (not the first time). In en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptic_(geometry) a hyperbola’s orthoptic is pointedly not called its director circle; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola also avoids calling the orthoptic the director circle, but also uses the term “circular directrix” for the latter. Unlike the orthoptic, these circles exist for all hyperbolas, a useful trait if you’re going to use them for construction. A footnote suggests that the term “director circle” is used differently in German and English.
$endgroup$
– amd
Dec 7 '18 at 10:10






1




1




$begingroup$
At any rate, without further information or assumptions, I think that the best you can do here is to state an upper bound for the eccentricity.
$endgroup$
– amd
Dec 7 '18 at 10:11




$begingroup$
At any rate, without further information or assumptions, I think that the best you can do here is to state an upper bound for the eccentricity.
$endgroup$
– amd
Dec 7 '18 at 10:11










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















0












$begingroup$

The given data are not enough to fix the hyperbola eccentricity. You can better understand that with a simpler example: suppose you are given $y=0$ as an asymptote and $x=a$ as tangent, then take $y=mx$ as the second asymptote (with $m$ any non-vanishing real number). The equation of a hyperbola having those two asymptotes and tangent to line $x=a$ can be easily found to be
$$y(y-mx)=-{a^2m^2over4}.$$
The eccentricity of the above hyperbola is
$$
e={sqrt2over m}sqrt{1+m^2-sqrt{1+m^2}},
$$

hence it can take any value between $1$ and $sqrt{2}$, depending on the value of $m$.



EDIT.



With a rotation and a translation, the above example can be adapted to your data. You may check that the hyperbolas of equation
$$
(5x-4y+5)left((4-5m)y-(5+4m)x-5+{25over4}mright)={9over64}m^2
$$

are all tangent to line $4x+5y-7=0$ and have line $5x-4y+5=0$ as asymptote, for any value of $m$. The eccentricities of these hyperbolas are given by the same formula as before.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 9 '18 at 15:52










  • $begingroup$
    I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    Dec 9 '18 at 16:27











Your Answer





StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
});
});
}, "mathjax-editing");

StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "69"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});

function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});


}
});














draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3029641%2ffinding-eccentricity-of-a-hyperbola%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









0












$begingroup$

The given data are not enough to fix the hyperbola eccentricity. You can better understand that with a simpler example: suppose you are given $y=0$ as an asymptote and $x=a$ as tangent, then take $y=mx$ as the second asymptote (with $m$ any non-vanishing real number). The equation of a hyperbola having those two asymptotes and tangent to line $x=a$ can be easily found to be
$$y(y-mx)=-{a^2m^2over4}.$$
The eccentricity of the above hyperbola is
$$
e={sqrt2over m}sqrt{1+m^2-sqrt{1+m^2}},
$$

hence it can take any value between $1$ and $sqrt{2}$, depending on the value of $m$.



EDIT.



With a rotation and a translation, the above example can be adapted to your data. You may check that the hyperbolas of equation
$$
(5x-4y+5)left((4-5m)y-(5+4m)x-5+{25over4}mright)={9over64}m^2
$$

are all tangent to line $4x+5y-7=0$ and have line $5x-4y+5=0$ as asymptote, for any value of $m$. The eccentricities of these hyperbolas are given by the same formula as before.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 9 '18 at 15:52










  • $begingroup$
    I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    Dec 9 '18 at 16:27
















0












$begingroup$

The given data are not enough to fix the hyperbola eccentricity. You can better understand that with a simpler example: suppose you are given $y=0$ as an asymptote and $x=a$ as tangent, then take $y=mx$ as the second asymptote (with $m$ any non-vanishing real number). The equation of a hyperbola having those two asymptotes and tangent to line $x=a$ can be easily found to be
$$y(y-mx)=-{a^2m^2over4}.$$
The eccentricity of the above hyperbola is
$$
e={sqrt2over m}sqrt{1+m^2-sqrt{1+m^2}},
$$

hence it can take any value between $1$ and $sqrt{2}$, depending on the value of $m$.



EDIT.



With a rotation and a translation, the above example can be adapted to your data. You may check that the hyperbolas of equation
$$
(5x-4y+5)left((4-5m)y-(5+4m)x-5+{25over4}mright)={9over64}m^2
$$

are all tangent to line $4x+5y-7=0$ and have line $5x-4y+5=0$ as asymptote, for any value of $m$. The eccentricities of these hyperbolas are given by the same formula as before.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 9 '18 at 15:52










  • $begingroup$
    I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    Dec 9 '18 at 16:27














0












0








0





$begingroup$

The given data are not enough to fix the hyperbola eccentricity. You can better understand that with a simpler example: suppose you are given $y=0$ as an asymptote and $x=a$ as tangent, then take $y=mx$ as the second asymptote (with $m$ any non-vanishing real number). The equation of a hyperbola having those two asymptotes and tangent to line $x=a$ can be easily found to be
$$y(y-mx)=-{a^2m^2over4}.$$
The eccentricity of the above hyperbola is
$$
e={sqrt2over m}sqrt{1+m^2-sqrt{1+m^2}},
$$

hence it can take any value between $1$ and $sqrt{2}$, depending on the value of $m$.



EDIT.



With a rotation and a translation, the above example can be adapted to your data. You may check that the hyperbolas of equation
$$
(5x-4y+5)left((4-5m)y-(5+4m)x-5+{25over4}mright)={9over64}m^2
$$

are all tangent to line $4x+5y-7=0$ and have line $5x-4y+5=0$ as asymptote, for any value of $m$. The eccentricities of these hyperbolas are given by the same formula as before.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



The given data are not enough to fix the hyperbola eccentricity. You can better understand that with a simpler example: suppose you are given $y=0$ as an asymptote and $x=a$ as tangent, then take $y=mx$ as the second asymptote (with $m$ any non-vanishing real number). The equation of a hyperbola having those two asymptotes and tangent to line $x=a$ can be easily found to be
$$y(y-mx)=-{a^2m^2over4}.$$
The eccentricity of the above hyperbola is
$$
e={sqrt2over m}sqrt{1+m^2-sqrt{1+m^2}},
$$

hence it can take any value between $1$ and $sqrt{2}$, depending on the value of $m$.



EDIT.



With a rotation and a translation, the above example can be adapted to your data. You may check that the hyperbolas of equation
$$
(5x-4y+5)left((4-5m)y-(5+4m)x-5+{25over4}mright)={9over64}m^2
$$

are all tangent to line $4x+5y-7=0$ and have line $5x-4y+5=0$ as asymptote, for any value of $m$. The eccentricities of these hyperbolas are given by the same formula as before.







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited Dec 10 '18 at 13:41

























answered Dec 8 '18 at 17:07









AretinoAretino

23.5k21443




23.5k21443












  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 9 '18 at 15:52










  • $begingroup$
    I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    Dec 9 '18 at 16:27


















  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarthak Rout
    Dec 9 '18 at 15:52










  • $begingroup$
    I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    Dec 9 '18 at 16:27
















$begingroup$
I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
$endgroup$
– Sarthak Rout
Dec 9 '18 at 15:52




$begingroup$
I have edited the question. Please see, if you can arrive at a result.
$endgroup$
– Sarthak Rout
Dec 9 '18 at 15:52












$begingroup$
I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
$endgroup$
– Aretino
Dec 9 '18 at 16:27




$begingroup$
I don't see any relevant change in your question: without some other information you cannot find the eccentricity. I used different lines in the above example just to keep calculations easy, but you could do exactly the same reasoning with your data, and find the same result.
$endgroup$
– Aretino
Dec 9 '18 at 16:27


















draft saved

draft discarded




















































Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid



  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3029641%2ffinding-eccentricity-of-a-hyperbola%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

Bundesstraße 106

Le Mesnil-Réaume

Ida-Boy-Ed-Garten